{"id":1979,"date":"2024-04-22T14:19:59","date_gmt":"2024-04-22T14:19:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/?p=1979"},"modified":"2024-04-26T06:51:56","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T06:51:56","slug":"istio-opa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/istio-opa\/","title":{"rendered":"5 Steps to Integrate Istio with OPA"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>We saw <a href=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/istio-spire-workload-identity\/\">how to integrate SPIRE with Istio<\/a> for secure authentication in one of our previous blogs. What comes after authentication is authorization\/access control, i.e., what actions the authenticated entity can perform. It helps to secure the infrastructure by preventing actions with malicious intent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Authorization is defined using policies. OPA is a mechanism that helps DevOps folks define and enforce authorization policies. In this piece, we will see:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>what OPA is,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>why you should integrate OPA with <a href=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/what-is-istio\/\">Istio service mesh<\/a>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>how Istio and OPA authorize requests,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>and the exact steps you can follow to integrate OPA with Istio.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is OPA?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>OPA (short for \u201cOpen Policy Agent&#8221;) is an open-source, general-purpose policy enforcement engine that lets DevOps define policy as code using a high-level declarative language called Rego.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>OPA helps centrally define and enforce policies across the stack while relieving developers from writing authorization policies into the application code. Here is how OPA works (refer to Fig. A):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The application\/service receives a request.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The service sends a JSON authorization request to OPA.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>OPA checks the request against the defined authorization policies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>OPA takes the decision and returns the authorization response (ALLOW\/DENY) to the service in JSON format.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/authorization-request-flow-with-OPA-Open-Policy-Agent.png\" alt=\"authorization request flow with OPA (Open Policy Agent)\" class=\"wp-image-1980\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/authorization-request-flow-with-OPA-Open-Policy-Agent.png 960w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/authorization-request-flow-with-OPA-Open-Policy-Agent-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/authorization-request-flow-with-OPA-Open-Policy-Agent-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/authorization-request-flow-with-OPA-Open-Policy-Agent-400x225.png 400w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/authorization-request-flow-with-OPA-Open-Policy-Agent-800x450.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>Fig. A &#8211; Authorization request flow with OPA<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note that it does not need to be an application written by a developer that is sending the authorization request; it can be Argo CD, Kubernetes Gateway API resource, Terraform, Prometheus, or anything else since OPA is general-purpose. (I have mentioned and drawn an application in a Kubernetes cluster here for the sake of convenience and better understanding.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why integrate OPA with Istio<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Istio has a robust authorization mechanism. However, having a dedicated policy enforcement engine like OPA alongside Istio service mesh has its own benefits:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Centralized management system to define and enforce policies:<\/strong> OPA makes it easier for DevOps to centrally manage authorization policies for the entire stack. This includes meshed workloads, non-meshed stack, and also authorization checks (a policy that prevents deployment on Fridays, for example).<br>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>More flexibility and granularity in defining policies:<\/strong> If you look at the table below (Fig. B), it is clear that Istio authorization can do a lot and match a request based on a variety of fields from different data sources. However, Istio <em>AuthorizationPolicy <\/em>CRD can be limited in configuring the HTTP request body or any contextual data in the fields, for which OPA can be used. Unlike Istio, OPA can use any data for policy evaluation.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Simplified authz configuration:<\/strong> It can be tedious for DevOps to configure complex authorization rules in Istio. OPA is configured using Rego, which is closer to a programming language. It is comparatively easier to set basic to complex policy rules using Rego.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Tabular-comparison-between-Istio-and-OPA-authorization-1.png\" alt=\"Tabular comparison between Istio and OPA authorization\" class=\"wp-image-2019\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Tabular-comparison-between-Istio-and-OPA-authorization-1.png 1024w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Tabular-comparison-between-Istio-and-OPA-authorization-1-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Tabular-comparison-between-Istio-and-OPA-authorization-1-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Tabular-comparison-between-Istio-and-OPA-authorization-1-400x225.png 400w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Tabular-comparison-between-Istio-and-OPA-authorization-1-800x450.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>Fig. B &#8211; Tabular comparison between Istio and OPA authorization (<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.styra.com\/blog\/authorize-better-istio-traffic-policies-with-opa-styra-das\/\"><em>source<\/em><\/a><em>)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How Istio and OPA authorize requests<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>DevOps can deploy OPA as a separate service altogether or as a sidecar container alongside the <a href=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/what-is-envoy-proxy\/\">Envoy proxy<\/a> and the application container in a pod. The sidecar container approach is better to reduce latency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>OPA sidecar containers need to be injected into the application pod just like Istio\u2019s Envoy proxy sidecar containers. We can set up the injected OPA containers to mount ConfigMaps that contain the authorization rules; every OPA sidecar container in the namespace will then mount the same configuration and authz rules defined in the ConfigMap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Once the OPA sidecar is injected, the Envoy proxy will send authorization requests to OPA to make authorization decisions when the service receives a request:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-OPA-authorization-workflow.png\" alt=\"Istio-OPA authorization workflow\" class=\"wp-image-1982\" style=\"width:840px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-OPA-authorization-workflow.png 960w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-OPA-authorization-workflow-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-OPA-authorization-workflow-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-OPA-authorization-workflow-400x225.png 400w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-OPA-authorization-workflow-800x450.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>Fig. C &#8211; Istio-OPA authorization workflow<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Suppose DevOps folks do not want every injected OPA container in the same namespace to follow the same configurations and want to enforce different rules. In that case, they will have to do any of the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Remove hard coding which lets the current injection policy use a particular ConfigMap<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Configure mutating webhook and disable sidecar injection at the pod-level<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/open-policy-agent\/opa-envoy-plugin\/tree\/main\/examples\/istio#example-bundle-configuration\">Serve up policy bundles from a remote HTTP server<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Deploy the application and the sidecars in a different namespace with different ConfigMap<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Steps to integrate OPA with Istio &#8211; Demo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The idea here is to make OPA the external authorizer instead of Envoy proxy sidecars \u2014 to make access control decisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I will use the classic <a href=\"https:\/\/istio.io\/latest\/docs\/examples\/bookinfo\/\">Bookinfo application<\/a> from Istio documentation for the demo. I will configure OPA with Istio for access control and check whether it is enforced by firing requests to <em>bookinfo\/productpage<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-OPA-integration-tutorial-diagram.png\" alt=\"Istio-OPA integration tutorial diagram\" class=\"wp-image-1984\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-OPA-integration-tutorial-diagram.png 960w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-OPA-integration-tutorial-diagram-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-OPA-integration-tutorial-diagram-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-OPA-integration-tutorial-diagram-400x225.png 400w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-OPA-integration-tutorial-diagram-800x450.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>Fig. <\/em>D &#8211; <em>Istio-OPA integration tutorial diagram<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note that <em>\/productpage <\/em>is the UI, which makes internal calls to other services, such as <em>reviews <\/em>and <em>ratings <\/em>services (<a href=\"https:\/\/istio.io\/latest\/docs\/examples\/bookinfo\/noistio.svg\">diagram<\/a>). I will inject OPA into every pod in the <em>bookinfo <\/em>namespace; all OPA containers mount the same ConfigMap and have the same authorization policies because of that. The default behavior of the Bookinfo application does not forward any HTTP authentication so the internal calls will fail authentication and thus authorization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We will follow the given steps in order:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Configure OPA sidecar injection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enable communication between Istio proxy and OPA<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Deploy OPA configuration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Apply Istio configuration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Deploy the application and test the Istio-OPA authorization setup<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>The prerequisite for the demo is to have Istio v1.19+ installed in your cluster. I\u2019m using Istio v1.21.0 here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>OPA provides a <a href=\"https:\/\/raw.githubusercontent.com\/open-policy-agent\/opa-envoy-plugin\/main\/examples\/istio\/quick_start.yaml\">quickstart.yaml<\/a> for easy installation. I have split the yaml into three for easier understanding: <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/imesh-ai\/webinar\/tree\/main\/Integrating%20OPA%20with%20Istio%20for%20Granular%20Policy%20Enforcement\">IMESH GitHub repo<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you prefer to watch the demo in action, please check the video below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Integrating OPA with Istio for Granular Policy Enforcement | OpenPolicyAgent | Demo | IMESH\" width=\"1130\" height=\"636\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/nyVcOPddArg?start=339&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step #1: Configure OPA sidecar injection<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Apply the <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/imesh-ai\/webinar\/blob\/main\/Integrating%20OPA%20with%20Istio%20for%20Granular%20Policy%20Enforcement\/opa_controller.yaml\"><em>opa_controller.yaml<\/em><\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code has-white-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-58566f303bffc267b8d6303ca80be071\"><code>kubectl apply -f opa_controller.yaml<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>The <em>opa_controller.yaml <\/em>deploys everything \u2014 TLS certificates, ConfigMap containing injection policy, admission controller deployment, and mutating webhook configuration \u2014 into the <em>opa-istio <\/em>namespace (refer to Fig. E):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The mutating webhook controller (<em>opa-istio-admission-controller<\/em>) will then listen for a particular label (<em>opa-istio-injection<\/em>) with the value set to <em>enabled<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The webhook controller calls the <em>admission-<\/em><em>controller,<\/em><em> <\/em>which has the injection policy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The injection policy tells the <em>admission-controller <\/em>how to inject the OPA sidecar container into the pod.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/OPA-sidecar-injection-model.png\" alt=\"OPA sidecar injection configuration\" class=\"wp-image-1983\" style=\"width:842px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/OPA-sidecar-injection-model.png 960w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/OPA-sidecar-injection-model-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/OPA-sidecar-injection-model-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/OPA-sidecar-injection-model-400x225.png 400w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/OPA-sidecar-injection-model-800x450.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>Fig. E &#8211; OPA sidecar injection configuration<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, before deploying the Bookinfo application, we will create <em>bookinfo <\/em>namespace and follow the rest of the steps:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Create the <em>bookinfo<\/em> namespace by applying <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/imesh-ai\/webinar\/blob\/main\/Integrating%20OPA%20with%20Istio%20for%20Granular%20Policy%20Enforcement\/bookinfo-ns.yaml\"><em>bookinfo-ns.yaml<\/em><\/a>:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code has-white-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-25acbe81d78163b604d9ecdc07824876\"><code>kubectl apply -f bookinfo-ns.yaml<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step #2: Enable communication between Istio proxy between OPA<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Edit Istio ConfigMap in the <em>istio-system <\/em>namespace and add <em>extensionProviders <\/em>(<em>opa-ext-authz-grpc<\/em>),<em> <\/em>so that it enables external authorization in the mesh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Copy <em>extensionProviders <\/em>from the comment in <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/imesh-ai\/webinar\/blob\/main\/Integrating%20OPA%20with%20Istio%20for%20Granular%20Policy%20Enforcement\/opa_controller.yaml\"><em>opa_controller.yaml<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Edit Istio ConfigMap and add <em>extensionProviders <\/em>in the <em>mesh<\/em> field<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ensure the indentation is correct<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Save the config<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The step makes it possible for <em>istio-proxy <\/em>to talk to <em>opa-istio <\/em>container in the pod for authorization requests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you look at the <em>extensionProviders<\/em>, it is an <em>ExtAuthzGrpc <\/em>filter type in Envoy with a specified service entry and port:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code has-white-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-8f1a2e4da9a313ec7a9118acbe061419\"><code>...\nextensionProviders:\n   - name: opa-ext-authz-grpc\n     envoyExtAuthzGrpc:\n       service: opa-ext-authz-grpc.local\n       port: \"9191\"\n...<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>The <em>extensionProviders<\/em>\u2019 name, service address, and port should be the same in the <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/imesh-ai\/webinar\/blob\/main\/Integrating%20OPA%20with%20Istio%20for%20Granular%20Policy%20Enforcement\/opa_authz.yaml\"><em>opa_authz.yaml<\/em><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/imesh-ai\/webinar\/blob\/main\/Integrating%20OPA%20with%20Istio%20for%20Granular%20Policy%20Enforcement\/opa_config.yaml\"><em>opa_config.yaml<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step #3: Deploy OPA configuration<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/imesh-ai\/webinar\/blob\/main\/Integrating%20OPA%20with%20Istio%20for%20Granular%20Policy%20Enforcement\/opa_config.yaml\"><em>opa_config.yaml<\/em><\/a> defines open policy-related configurations. It has <em>opa-istio-config <\/em>and <em>opa-policy <\/em>ConfigMaps \u2014 which define the gRPC service implementation (<em>envoy_ext_authz_grpc<\/em>) and the actual authorization policies, respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The authorization policies can be divided into two parts: the first part defines the conditions under which the authorization is allowed or denied; the second part defines the user roles and the permissions for each role.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The authorization policies might take some time to get used to, as Rego does not use many keywords here. (Enable a newer version of Rego to get keywords (<em>allow if <\/em>condition keyword, for example).)<br>Apply OPA configuration in the <em>bookinfo <\/em>namespace, as it goes along with the application:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code has-white-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-70616cafee1696893e533c21630dce1d\"><code>kubectl apply -f opa_config.yaml -n bookinfo<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step #4: Apply Istio configuration<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/imesh-ai\/webinar\/blob\/main\/Integrating%20OPA%20with%20Istio%20for%20Granular%20Policy%20Enforcement\/opa_authz.yaml\"><em>opa_authz.yaml<\/em><\/a><em> <\/em>file contains Istio configurations. It has an <em>AuthorizationPolicy<\/em> and a <em>ServiceEntry<\/em>. Note that the <em>Authorization Policy provider <\/em>is <em>opa-ext-authz-grpc<\/em>, which is the <em>extensionProvider<\/em> we configured in the ConfigMap in step #2.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Similarly, the hostname defined in the <em>ServiceEntry<\/em> is the same as the service address given in the <em>extensionProvider<\/em> (<em>opa-ext-authz-grpc.local<\/em>). The gRPC service will run on port<em> 9191 <\/em>at localhost <em>127.0.0.1<\/em>, which the <em>ServiceEntry<\/em> makes <em>opa-istio <\/em>sidecars accessible within the pod by the <em>istio-proxy<\/em> container.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Deploy the configuration:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code has-white-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-5409f4181f683bd43e55a664a5bc6c2f\"><code>kubectl apply -f opa_authz.yaml -n bookinfo<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step #5: Deploy the application and test Istio-OPA authorization setup<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Deploy Bookinfo application and the gateway:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code has-white-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-3451d5b4624c6878cbf18e1eb57ca426\"><code>kubectl apply -f \/your_Istio_directory\/samples\/bookinfo\/platform\/kube\/bookinfo.yaml -n bookinfo\nkubectl apply -f \/your_Istio_directory\/samples\/bookinfo\/networking\/bookinfo-gateway.yaml -n bookinfo<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Check the pods in <em>bookinfo <\/em>namespace:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code has-white-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-9584235b045200777dac487aa1f11d1f\"><code>kubectl get pods -n bookinfo<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"762\" height=\"206\" src=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/pods-running-in-the-bookinfo-namespace.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1986\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/pods-running-in-the-bookinfo-namespace.png 762w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/pods-running-in-the-bookinfo-namespace-300x81.png 300w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/pods-running-in-the-bookinfo-namespace-400x108.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 762px) 100vw, 762px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>You can see that each pod has 3 containers running in them: the application, Envoy proxy (<em>istio-proxy<\/em>), and OPA (<em>opa-istio<\/em>) containers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Get the IP of the Istio gateway to access the service:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code has-white-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-a6b3425724d0a804633817b67314bfbb\"><code>kubectl get svc -n istio-system<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"101\" src=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-ingress-gateway-external-ip-1024x101.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1987\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-ingress-gateway-external-ip-1024x101.png 1024w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-ingress-gateway-external-ip-300x30.png 300w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-ingress-gateway-external-ip-768x76.png 768w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-ingress-gateway-external-ip-400x39.png 400w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-ingress-gateway-external-ip-800x79.png 800w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-ingress-gateway-external-ip-1160x114.png 1160w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-ingress-gateway-external-ip.png 1281w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Now everything is set, and we are ready to test the authorization policies. The policies we defined in <em>opa_config.yaml<\/em> are the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code has-white-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-15e4cea943f9a8db515bf0417486fdff\"><code>...\nuser_roles = {\n&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \"alice\": &#91;\"guest\"],\n&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \"bob\": &#91;\"admin\"]\n&nbsp; &nbsp; }\n\n&nbsp; &nbsp; role_perms = {\n&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \"guest\": &#91;\n&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; {\"method\": \"GET\",&nbsp; \"path\": \"\/productpage\"},\n&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ],\n&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \"admin\": &#91;\n&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; {\"method\": \"GET\",&nbsp; \"path\": \"\/productpage\"},\n&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; {\"method\": \"GET\",&nbsp; \"path\": \"\/api\/v1\/products\"},\n&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ],\n...<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Alice is a guest user who can only access the <em>\/productpage<\/em>; Bob is an admin who can access the paths <em>\/productpage <\/em>and <em>\/api\/v1\/products<\/em>. Let us verify the policies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trying to access <em>\/api\/v1\/products <\/em>as Alice:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code has-white-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-b5e0ff389db0bebcf048090c8b8d4a91\"><code>curl -vvv your_istio_gateway_ip\/api\/v1\/products -u alice:password<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"872\" height=\"410\" src=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-opa-denying-authorization-for-user-role-which-do-not-have-access-to-the-path.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1988\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-opa-denying-authorization-for-user-role-which-do-not-have-access-to-the-path.png 872w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-opa-denying-authorization-for-user-role-which-do-not-have-access-to-the-path-300x141.png 300w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-opa-denying-authorization-for-user-role-which-do-not-have-access-to-the-path-768x361.png 768w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-opa-denying-authorization-for-user-role-which-do-not-have-access-to-the-path-400x188.png 400w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-opa-denying-authorization-for-user-role-which-do-not-have-access-to-the-path-800x376.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 872px) 100vw, 872px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>You can see that <em>403 Forbidden <\/em>response since Alice does not have access to the path. Let us try the same path as Bob:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code has-white-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-af016248b32a4d8b3e4d2623353f3f83\"><code>curl -vvv your_istio_gateway_ip\/api\/v1\/products -u bob:password<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"367\" src=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-opa-providing-access-to-a-path-for-the-authorized-user-role-1024x367.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1989\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-opa-providing-access-to-a-path-for-the-authorized-user-role-1024x367.png 1024w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-opa-providing-access-to-a-path-for-the-authorized-user-role-300x107.png 300w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-opa-providing-access-to-a-path-for-the-authorized-user-role-768x275.png 768w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-opa-providing-access-to-a-path-for-the-authorized-user-role-400x143.png 400w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-opa-providing-access-to-a-path-for-the-authorized-user-role-800x286.png 800w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-opa-providing-access-to-a-path-for-the-authorized-user-role-1160x415.png 1160w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/istio-opa-providing-access-to-a-path-for-the-authorized-user-role.png 1332w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>It shows the HTTP status <em>200 OK <\/em>and the page content towards the end of the response.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Example scenario for access control with OPA<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>You can use Istio\u2019s <em>AuthorizationPolicy <\/em>CRD to enforce the policy shown in the demo above. You do not need OPA. However, there are instances where Istio authorization can be limited, as mentioned in the table at the beginning. Let me give a simple example.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Suppose there is a <em>BookReviews <\/em>application which is a GraphQL service, where reviewers submit reviews, editors edit and publish those reviews, and users read the published reviews.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When a reviewer adds a book review to the service, the request would include the reviewer\u2019s JWT, containing the groups and roles (reviewer or editor) the reviewer belongs to. The request body would also contain a GraphQL mutation query with the newly created review data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let us say you want to ensure the following conditions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Only reviewers can submit reviews.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An editor can only edit a review if it is written by a reviewer belonging to the same group managed by them.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Only editors can mark a review as \u201cready to publish\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Here is the diagram that includes the above policies:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"884\" src=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Sample-bookreview-service-diagram-with-user-roles-and-permissions-1024x884.png\" alt=\"Sample bookreview service diagram with user roles and permissions\" class=\"wp-image-2015\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Sample-bookreview-service-diagram-with-user-roles-and-permissions-1024x884.png 1024w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Sample-bookreview-service-diagram-with-user-roles-and-permissions-300x259.png 300w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Sample-bookreview-service-diagram-with-user-roles-and-permissions-768x663.png 768w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Sample-bookreview-service-diagram-with-user-roles-and-permissions-400x345.png 400w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Sample-bookreview-service-diagram-with-user-roles-and-permissions-800x691.png 800w, https:\/\/imesh.ai\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Sample-bookreview-service-diagram-with-user-roles-and-permissions.png 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Istio\u2019s <em>AuthorizationPolicy <\/em>will struggle to enforce the above conditions. The reason is that Istio cannot use the GraphQL request body for authorization checks, which is a JSON object alongside the JWT needed for policy evaluation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>OPA does not have such limitations. It can load any data for policy checks, and DevOps can write these rules in a more ergonomic way using Rego.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Enterprise support for integrating Istio<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Most enterprises use OPA to define and enforce authorization policies for their entire stack. Having a central mechanism for access control improves the overall security and agility of IT teams. Otherwise, devs will waste time developing authorization policies into their application code written in a particular language, which impedes scalability and faster business logic rollout.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At IMESH, our Istio experts help enterprises configure OPA with Istio to define and enforce granular and complex access control policies. We provide <a href=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/enterprise-istio-support.html\">Enterprise Istio Support<\/a> and take care of integrating Istio with your existing or new tech stack, making Istio an easy drop-in that can elevate the security, reliability, and observability of your entire cloud network. Feel free to <a href=\"https:\/\/imesh.ai\/contact-us.html\">let us know<\/a> your Istio requirements and see if we are a fit for you.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>We saw how to integrate SPIRE with Istio for secure authentication in<span class=\"excerpt-more\"><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":1990,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[32,36],"tags":[122,53,69],"class_list":["post-1979","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istio-service-mesh","category-security","tag-authorization","tag-istio","tag-security"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>5 Steps to Integrate Istio with OPA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn how to deploy Open Policy Agent (OPA) sidecar 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